George Foreign Biography

Pierce, W. James and J. Dewey Classic of American pragmatism. He studied philosophy and psychology at the Obternlin college, at Harvard University, where his teachers were J. Royce and W. James, in GG. He began teaching at the University of Michigan, then J. Dewey was invited to the newly organized university in Chicago, where he worked until the end of his life. The Foreign Ministry published relatively little work, and a significant part of them is unfinished manuscripts and notes.

However, his lectures, especially on social psychology, were very popular, and the influence on the amer. The main theme of his works belongs to the problems of the social explanation of the nature of thinking and the “I” of man “Reason, Self and Society from the point of view of the social behaviorist”, to the interpretation in the spirit of the pragmatism of the genesis of the scientific concepts of “philosophy of action”, and to a very peculiar “presentist” concept of reality, according to which the reality given to a person is always constant and exists only at the present time “philosophical The present ”, a noticeable influence on the views of the Foreign Ministry was given by Darwinism, he adhered to the installations of naturalism.

The Foreign Ministry also agreed with behaviorism that the interpretation of the relationship between the body and the environment in the terms “stimulus” and “reaction” opens the way to objective forms of cognition. However, the Foreign Ministry often called his own concept “social behaviorism”, since he used the concept of the introduction of which the significance of which was denied by the founders of behaviorism and believed that the concepts of “stimulus” and “reaction” in relation to a person become meaningful only when they are considered as aspects of communicative communications and are not studied from social processes, in the context of which these are carried out.

actions. In the analysis of social actions, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs gave priority to the social over the individual. Поведение приобретает определенный смысл, когда оно связано с исполнением социальных ролей. His concept gave rise to “symbolic interactionism”, since it emphasized the role of symbolic and communicative elements in social interactions.

Modern Western philosophy. Khefff, V. Malakhov, V. Filatov, with the participation of T. Med MEAD George Herbert - an American philosopher, sociologist, social psychologist. He was educated in the city of working at the University of Chicago. Based on the works of W. James and J. interpreted objective reality as a field of activity of an individual. By "I" understood the instance determined by social influence, while the history of social relations becomes the structure of the "I", in which self -control appears as the internalization of external social control.

In accordance with his theory of expectations, the child loses the roles that adults expect from him or that he observes. A children's game, which can be the plot in this case, is of particular importance in this development, the child loses certain social roles that he will have to follow in the future and, according to the rules, the child learns arbitrary behavior.

An individual consciousness was based on a gesture, an employee, in his opinion, served as an initial phase of individual action and, in the course of interaction, acting as an incentive to which its other participants respond. The gesture is a symbol, because it involves some idea correlated with elements of the individual’s experience. In this case, the reaction to the gesture-symbol is not direct; Both the gesture itself and the reaction to it are mediated by the value.

The meaning is a reduced interaction that is objectively existing in the field of social experience of interacting individuals. Historical context. The views of the Foreign Ministry significantly influenced the formation of interactionism. Kondakov I. Illustrated Dictionary. The Philosophy of Present. Chicago,; The Philosophy of the Act. Chicago,; On Social Psychology.

Chicago: University Chicago Press, Yaroshevsky M. The History of Psychology: From Antiquity to the middle of the 20th century. Shihi, E. Chepman, U. Modern sociological theories. Med MEAD George Herbert followed by James and Dewey, one of the representatives of pragmatism and naturalism. The Foreign Ministry considered reality as a set of situations in which the subject acts widely understood as “living form”, and he interpreted thinking from the point of view of its instrumental nature - as an instrument of adaptation of the subject to reality.

According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Social Individual Social “I” is constituted in the aggregate of the processes of interinoid interactions. Stages of the adoption of the role of another, others, “generalized by another” - the stages of the transformation of the physiological organism into a reflective social “I”. The origin of the “I” thus is entirely socially, and its main characteristic is the ability to become an object for itself, and external social control is transformed into self -control.The wealth and originality of the reactions, methods of activity, symbolic content embedded in a person depends on the variety and breadth of the interaction systems in which it is involved.

The structure of the completed “I”, according to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, reflects the unity and structure of the social process. The social concept of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs influenced the subsequent development of social psychology to solve the problems of personality, socialization, social control, etc. At the same time, it is clearly not able to fulfill the role of a general sociological theory, since it is noted by the frustration, the lack of an analysis of the substantial aspect of social interactions, as well as ignoring the role of large -scale social structures.

A number of researchers M. Natanson, P. Mc-Hue, not without reason, bring the views of the Foreign Ministry about social life with the ideas of phenomenological sociology. Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary. Ilyichev, P. Fedoseev, S. Kovalev, V. Works: The Philosophy of the Present, Chi. Strauss, Chi. Literature: Kon I. Med and its modern interpretations, “Sociological.

Mead Wash. Med MEAD George Herbert is an American psychologist, sociologist and philosopher. During his lifetime, little was printed. Its main works are collected in the books “Reason, I and Society” and “The Philosophy of Action” by the Foreign Ministry experienced a strong impact of the ideas of pragmatism, self -determined its concept as “social behaviorism”, but in fact, if you look in temporary retrospective, the theoretical and methodological foundations of the theory of symbolic integration was introduced by his student Blumer into the specification of perception of perception of perception Reality by the acting subject with a physical subject, "live formula", social "I" is set by his immediate act.

However, the content of objects through an act is pre -previously previous experience in the individual. Therefore, a special relationship is formed between the subject and the object, since objects can be associated with different experience of subjects. In fact, they are associated with various individual “prospects”, determined by the specifics of the individual’s relations with the environment, therefore, “prospects” have objective grounds.

Reality consists, ultimately, from the variety of possible "prospects" and systems of social interactions. The participation of an individual simultaneously in many "prospects" and sets sociality that is, the latter arises in the intersubjective space of interactions. In this regard, any perceived reality will be social, but the subject is always social, which is constituted by its participation in various "prospects" and interactions understood as intraintmental.

The actions of a particular person can be perceived by other people only being correlated with the meanings common to interacting individuals. The values ​​express the reduced schemes of past interactions, and their identity in the experiments of various people implies the possibility of "adopting the role of another." Complex interaction is built fundamentally according to the same scheme, only in it is the opinion of the group regarding common for individuals, in it, the object of interaction.

Thus, it accepted not just the "role of another", but "the role of the generalized other." The complication of the interactions in which the individual is included, also implies the buildup of the ability to reflexive attitude. The origin of the "I" is thus socially. A person is able to turn himself into an object for himself. In the structure of the social "I", the Foreign Ministry distinguishes between two subsystems.

The subsystem "I" is an autonomous source of spontaneous behavior, which determines the specifics of the individual’s reactions to stimuli. It constantly produces deviations in the structure of interactions, preventing the latter from "wobbling" in strict schemes. The subsystem "ME" is an internalized structure of group activities. Any interaction implies language ownership as a symbolic system that allows you to see yourself in the world through symbols and create new symbols.

The ability to own symbolic systems is laid in socialization. This is a necessary condition for the emergence of consciousness and the formation of individuality. The commonality of meanings for interacting individuals is set in a language that allows you to extract meanings through the awareness of the world and self -awareness in which a person, being a subject, is able to become an object for himself.

The interaction of the "I" as an object and "I" as a subject is recycled with the image of "generalized others" up to the ideas about society as a whole. The border between the "I" object and the image of "generalized others" is transparent and in many ways relative. Thus, the image of a “generalized other” as an intermediary largely predetermines the integrity of the emerging subject -object relations both at the level of the individual and at the interinant level in real “symbolic interactions” - interactions.

The ability to distance himself from the role and role with each other, developed by the student of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs - the Hoffmann sets the “game” as a mechanism for maintaining a social order during the communication.