Biography of Robert Hook

Robert Hooke; - - English natural philosopher and inventor. One of the founders and active members of the London Royal Society with the city of Guku belongs to the term "cell" English. Quotes I would like to make as many new scientific discoveries as possible with the aim of their immediate practical application. Especially in avoiding dogmatization and exclude hypotheses that are not sufficiently substantiated and not confirmed by experience.

This path seems to be the best and should protect both philosophy and natural science from their previous perversion. So saying, I thereby accuse, perhaps, my own approach to this composition. There may be expressions in it that seem more affirmative than your prescriptions allow ... [1] - “micrography” preface, I intend to state the system of the world that are very different from all those who are still proposed; It is based on the following three provisions: I.

All celestial bodies not only have the gravity of their parts to their own common center, but they are attracted and mutually one to the other inside their spheres of action. All bodies, making a simple movement, will continue to move in a straight line, unless they constantly deviate from it with some external force, encouraging them to describe a circle, ellipse or any other curve.

This attraction the more, the closer the bodies. As for the attitude in which these forces are reduced with an increase in the distance, I myself, as he reports, did not define it, although I did some experiments for this purpose. I provide this to others who have enough time and knowledge for this task. However, no matter how I am convinced of my hypothesis that I would not put forward without a preliminary conduct of several hundred experiments, I would still be glad to receive from Mr.

Newton a proposal for Experimentum Crucis, which could turn me away from it. But what he writes about will not cause a turn in my understanding, since the same phenomenon can be explained both by its hypothesis and mine, and without any difficulties or special training. I undertake to indicate other hypotheses that are different from him and mine, which will give the same effect.

It is based on three assumptions. The first is that all celestial bodies, without exception, have the ability of attraction or severity directed to the centers, thanks to which the bodies not only hold their own parts and prevent them from flying into space, as we see - do the Earth, but, in addition, they also attract all other celestial bodies in their field of action; Consequently, not only the Sun and the Moon affect the body and movement of the Earth, and the Earth on them, but also Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn significantly affect their attractive force on the movement of the Earth in the same way that the Earth has a significant impact on the movement of these bodies.

The second assumption is that all bodies, once brought into a straightforward and uniform movement, continue this movement in a straight line until any other forces are rejected and turn this movement in a circle, an ellipse or another more complex curve line. The third assumption is that attractive abilities are manifested with greater strength as the bodies on which they act approach the center from where the forces come.

What are the sequential degrees of increasing forces at various distances, I have not yet checked on experience; But in any case, as soon as this degree becomes known, it will extremely facilitate the tasks of finding the law of heavenly movements, without it it is impossible. Then measure the distance from the cup to the floor. Next, put in the named cup of weights, measure several extendations of the same string, and you will find that they will treat each other in the same way as their loads.

And this can be observed not only in the above bodies, but also in all any elastic bodies, whether it was metals, wood, stone rocks, brick, hair, horn, silk, bones, muscles, glass, etc. At the same time, one or another form of the bending body, as well as one or another, profitable or unprofitable, method of bending. Based on this principle, it will easily calculate the force of onions, as well as a ballist or catapult that have been used by the ancients to easily calculate the necessary resistance-spring for the clock, the same is explained, apparently why the spring, annexed to the balance of the watch, levels its vibrations, when they are large, less, using the same law, it would be easy to arrange philosophical scales to arrange philosophical scales.

I invented such scales to determine the weight of any body without the use of weights in order to explore the attraction of bodies to the center of the Earth, in other words, to find out whether the bodies at a great distance from the center of the Earth are somewhat in their gravity to the center of the Earth have added a lot to it in some respects, and especially, having made the subject of a philosophical consideration of the color of thin films, especially where it is about the consideration of the colors of thin film.

If I saw further [others], then because I stood on the shoulders of giants. Kartsev wrote: “Behind all this external politicus stood both pins and caustic remarks. GUK and Newton, in principle, could not reconcile, having only one scientific truth for two. In the name of possible reconciliation, Newton shouted his soul, recognizing Guk's great contribution to the optics.

Unfortunately, this feature is completely not characteristic of Newton. You can easily verify this by opening any of his work. In the worst case, which many researchers seem the most likely, this phrase is a mocking, given the small growth of the GUK hunchback ”[1]. What Des-Cartes Vas A Good Step. IF I have Seen Further it is by Standing on the Sholders of Giants. Mathematical principles of natural philosophy The dispute about priority with Robert Hook Hook has only a distant idea of ​​the worldwide gravity, based only on the hunch.

It is one thing to invent hypotheses, another - to prove them ... Hook has no more right to the law of reverse squares, which Kepler has the right to the law of ellipses: guesses are not considered, and Kepler did not have evidence. He remained stunted, although, judging by the legs, he should have been higher than average height. His character was melancholy, incredulous and jealous, which over the years became more noticeable.

It should be noted that the imagination plays a very important role in scientific activity, it precedes experience and accompanies it. I will give a wonderful excerpt from the works of the famous Robert Hook, who expressed two hundred years before our time the theory of Stetoscope. In the clock we hear the knock of balance, the wheel stroke, the hammer strikes, the clinging of the teeth, and many other sounds; Who knows if we can, like this, discover the movement of the internal parts of the bodies of animals, plant or minerals by means of the sound that they produce, open the processes that are performed in different organs or body cavities, and thus find out which tools or cars are not in order, which are only at a time, but to another stand, etc.

I could go further, I will think about how most people look at it; But, on the other hand, I have the courage not to consider these things impossible, although they seem to be absurd, empty and unrealistic, and in this courage, I am supported by the fact that if I considered them impossible, this would not help my knowledge, while counting them possible, I may have a chance of such things that another would pass by.

” To regulate the course of this clock mechanism, the English natural scientist R. Hook, taking advantage of the idea of ​​X. Guygens, applied the speed regulator. It was a conical pendulum, the length of which could change in accordance with the requirements of the process. However, Hook's attempt remained an attempt. Only after years, the outstanding German physicist J.

Vladimir Kartsev, “Newton”, part V [1] in the Hermitage I found very good engravings with portraits of many of my authors. I wrote to the London Royal Society, which the HUK founded. They answered me, yes, indeed, there are no portraits of GUK anywhere, neither sculptural nor picturesque, because when he died, Newton, who at that time was the president of royal society, ordered all his portraits to burn.

Instead of a portrait of Hook, the title sheet of his composition had to be placed. He even claimed co -authorship, believing that it was he who told Newton a key hypothesis: the attraction of the planets to the sun, inversely proportional to the square of the distance, determines the elliptical form of the orbit. He himself could not prove this and in the year turned to Newton for help, already glorious by his mathematical power.

For example, Newton’s irritation and annoyance are obvious, but what was behind this: greed for glory, personal antipathy or simply unwillingness to recognize the truth by a lie, albeit “in the name of the world”? Remaining within the humanitarian limits, you have to measure on their arshin, and each has its own measuring device. Hook's character, even according to his friends, was far from angelic.And sympathy for Guku often eats by the fact that financially and socially he was much less well -being than Newton.

And now it is easier to understand Newton and sympathize with him. And he was encouraged to recognize the value of Hook phrases that did not have a clear physical and mathematical meaning. Newton published accumulated results in the monograph “Optics” only after Hook's death, moreover, mentioning it several times with a kind word. He would probably have postponed the publication of his theory of gravity, but this book was published on the initiative and at the expense of his friend and colleague.

Newton went to meet him and mentioned Hook along with others who spoke about the law of “reverse squares”. The designer Hook looks back at the abandoned shore, but the shore has already disappeared into the dark. The world is now geometrically perfect. The night is barely swaying in an impassive, cold, star rhythm. Steps of elastic and rosary, like a clock mechanism; Thoughts are clear, breathing is even.

The invisible point under an invisible plumb line is materialized in the minds of the designer Hook: he seemed to put it out of the darkness from the horizon lost in the star, and set him in front of him. From the red point below, now moving to the right, from the polar star, from the constellation of the bear, from Jupiter, from Venus, from the designer Hook himself, straight, impeccable lines are extended to the base of the plumb line, an invisible, but slender drawing is erected.

That night, the designer GUK for the first time so delightedly felt the indisputable harmony of nature. He saw a map of the heavenly hemispheres dissected by the Milky Way; He restored the contours of Hercules, Dolphin, Pegasus, the classic lyre in the claws of the eagle, peacock, centaur and Capricor, mythological phantasmagoria of images; I saw the ancient groups of ancient astronomers, prone to computing, I saw the harsh Pythagoreans who surrounded the greatest of the teachers ...

Throughout his life, the GUK designer will preserve the memory of this night, about the unique merger of times and spaces into one inseparable whole. The red point of the fort slowly increased and finally broke up into several points. The designer GUK went through the most dangerous zone, broke out the fence, but now he did not think about the danger. He confidently walked along the silent snowy plain.

The lights of the batteries were again sticking together until they turned into the previous red dots. The GUK designer was on the Finnish side, out of danger, at large. Temiryazev, “The Tale of trifles”, Wilkins and Hook dictated, and Daniel gradually with a weakening hand led a list of experiments not noisy and not smelly, but with every hour more bizarre. GUK instructed Daniel to repair a “compressive machine” - a cylinder with a piston for compression and airplane.

He believed that the air contains a certain substance that supports life and fire; When the substance is exhausted, they fade away. On this occasion, we conducted a number of experiments. A mouse and a burning candle were placed in a clogged glass jar and began to watch that there would be a candle last longer. Then they took a large bull bubble and, bringing it to his mouth, breathed alternately the same air.

GUK, with the help of his car, pumped air out of a glass vessel and forced the pendulum to hesitate in a vacuum, and Charles to count oscillations. On the first clear winter night, Hook carried a telescope on the street and began to observe Mars; He found dark and light spots on the surface of the planet and since then he began to monitor their displacement in order to determine the length of the Martian days.

He planted Daniel and Charles for grinding more powerful lenses, and at the same time wrote new ones from Spinoza from Amsterdam; Then everyone took turns looking out all the smaller details of the lunar surface. And again, Hook saw what Daniel did not see. If my lenses are more powerful, I would determine the angle of a natural slope and calculate the strength of gravity on the moon.