Biographies of famous engineers
Russian scientists made an outstanding contribution to the formation of world electrical engineering, and the Russian higher engineering and electrical education due to its fundamentality had no analogues in the world of Parisian street, illuminated by Yablochkova’s electric candles, Gettyimages year. This was evidence of the authority of Russian engineers of the time that they deserved to build such complex technical projects as numerous roads, including railway, bridges, ports.
Domestic engineering equipment and polytechnic education were slightly younger than foreign ones. The Paris Polytechnic School was founded in the year, the Polytechnic School in Berlin in M, and the Institute of Message Engineers in St. Petersburg in the year. By the end of the 19th century, Russia had a world -class engineers who accumulated the huge practical, scientific and educational experience of previous generations.
The authority of the domestic system for training engineers during this period was so high that the President of Boston, the University of Massachusetts, distributed the training system for engineers of the Imperial Higher Technical School of the Moscow State Technical University named after Bauman at first at the university he headed by him, and then to other higher educational institutions of America.
Higher electrical education: from practice to fundamental theory, electrical education in Russia corresponded to the world level of science and technology, developed, responding to the needs of the state and society, and followed the traditions of the Russian engineering school, based on numerous achievements of science and the rapidly developed electrical industry.
The first educational institution of the electrical profile was created in Russia in the year, when the naval department established a mine officer class in Kronstadt for the training of naval specialists in electrical business and the new torpedo weapons then. This was the first educational institution in the Russian Empire, where electrical engineering has become the subject of study and practical application.
At the dawn of the century of electricity, class specialists performed all the most significant electrical work in Russia: the installation of electric lighting in Kronstadt - years, lighting of the winter year and the Gatchina palaces, electric illumination of the Moscow Kremlin year. The provision on the establishment and staff of the first in the Russian Empire of the Specialized Electrotechnical Institute was highly approved on July 11, the first Electrotechnical Department at Columbia University in New York was not opened much earlier, in the year.
Baron Schilling von Kansstadt was the first to achieve the practical implementation of the idea of using electricity for telegraphy by wires. The St. Petersburg Electrotechnical Institute was formed on the basis of a three-year technical school, which trained specialists for training technical and administrative posts in 35 districts of the postal and telephone department. In August, the first reception of students at the Electrotechnical Institute of the four -year composition took place.
In an article dedicated to the decade of education of the institute, Professor Mikhail Andreevich Shatelen wrote: “Our goal is that each student has such practical and theoretical knowledge of electrical engineering, so that after several months of practice a good electrical engineer can develop from it.” To achieve this goal, the institute read, firstly, a course of theoretical electrical engineering, which sets out sections of the exercises on electrical and magnetic phenomena, necessary for the conscious application of electricity in practice.
And secondly, the course of practical electrical engineering, which described options for using electricity for lighting, transmitting work, in the traction of wagons and so on. As well as the theory and device of all sorts of electrical machines and devices-dynamo, alternators, transformers, engines. The reception of students in Russian technical universities was carried out according to the results of adversarial entrance exams in mathematics, physics and the Russian language in the volume of the gymnasium course.
The increased requirements in mathematics and natural sciences and a large competition for entrance exams allowed to teach fundamental sciences - mathematics, mechanics, physics and chemistry - at a high professional level. The same concerned general engineering disciplines - the resistance of materials, hydraulics, thermodynamics and kinematics. Along with this, drawing was taught, which at that time was called the “engineer’s language”, its scientific foundations stated in drawing geometry, and drawing.
Successfully withstanding exam tests were awarded by the councils of the institutions of the title of engineer of the 1st or 2nd category, depending on the points received, and had the right to "wear a special sign of the highest approved sample." In the years of Professor Vladimir Fedorovich Mitkevich St. Petersburg and Karl Adolfovich, Moscow laid and introduced into practice the discipline “theoretical foundations of electrical engineering” that gave domestic electrical education a significantly greater fundamental, rather than European or American.
Subsequently, the discipline of Toe is now called “theoretical electrical engineering” in many other countries, and domestic literature in this direction has always been considered classical. Many professors and teachers of higher technical educational institutions combined scientific and teaching activities with practical production as managers and co -executors of technical projects, consultants and advisers.
The connection with production not only contributed to the increase in material prosperity, but also made it possible for creative self -realization. From the Volta arc to television, electrical education in Russia was so successful because it relied on significant achievements of domestic electrical science. Academician Emilia Khristianovich Lenz for the first time formulated an extremely important situation in which the commonality and reversibility of magnetoelectric and electromagnetic phenomena was established by the founder of the Russian electrical school of the pre-revolutionary scientific public, a professor of physics of the St.
Petersburg Medical Surgery Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov, which is independent of the year, is recognized as independent The English scientists of William Nicholson and Anthony Carlyle, discovered electrolysis. For the first time, he watched Voltova arc and suggested its possible use for lighting. The English scientist Humphrey Davy conducted experiments with a Voltai arc and published their results in Philosophical Magazine ten years later, in the year, although he got the glory of the discoverer of the phenomenon.
A public demonstration of a almost suitable device for transmitting messages using electrical signals took place on October 21 in his apartment on Tsaritsyn Luga in St. Petersburg. A few years later, such devices were designed by Wilhelm Weber and Karl Friedrich Gaus in Germany, Charles Wittston and William Cook in England, and in the years a telegraph of Morze appeared, who was widespread.
Military concert, illuminated by electric light from the Winter Palace Year photo: Gettyimages. In the position formulated by Lenz, the basis of the principle of reversibility of electrical machines was laid. He was the first to establish the rule of determining the direction of induced current, expressing the fundamental principle of electrodynamics - the principle of electromagnetic inertia.
A member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Boris Semenovich Jacobi wrote the work of "galvanoplasty or a way, according to these samples, make copper products from copper solutions using galvanism." German and Russian physicist-inventor Boris Semenovich Jacobi Photo: Gettyimages. The Russian government issued a prize of 25 rubles for this invention of Jacobi, and the Academy of Sciences awarded him the Demidov Prize in rubles.
For that time, Jacobi for the most part had the money at that time spent on the purchase of equipment for the physical office of the Academy of Sciences. He not only contributed to the establishment of units of measurement of current and resistance strength, but was also one of the initiators of metrology as a scientific direction. In the year, Jacobi created the world's first synchronous telegraph apparatus printing letters on a paper tape.
This device, which was used on the line of S. Jacobi, was designed by one of the world's first DC electric motors, in which he realized the principle of direct rotation of the mobile part of the engine. In the year, this engine of 0.5 kW, feeding on the battery, was tested on the Neva to drive an eight -spring bot with passengers to move the boat. For the first time, the “candle of Yablochkova” was used in the year to cover the Paris Universal store “Louvre”.
In the year, “Yablochkova’s candles” were covered by the Thames embankment, docks and other public places of London in the year Jacobi organized an electrical school at the main military engineering school for the training of military specialists in the field of using underwater mines. During the Crimean War - under his leadership, Kronstadt was fenced by underwater mines with insulated copper wires, their powder charges were ignited using induction coils.
One of the ships of the Anglo-French squadron was blown up on such a mine, and the rest in complete confusion left the Gulf of Finland. In the year, the galvanic team was transformed into a technical galvanic institution, which consisted of a military engineers' corps. It is believed that this is almost the first scientific, design and training center in continental Europe, which is in charge of using electricity for military purposes.Of great importance for the development of electric lighting was the invention in the year by Pavel Nikolayevich with an apple -armed lamp with an “electric candle” regulator.
It was very simple, it was distinguished by convenience and reliability in operation. After that, the electric light began to be used in other stores, theaters, on the main streets and squares of Paris. In the year, the "candles of Yablochkova" covered the embankment of Thames, docks and other public places of London. Imperial Moscow Technical School Year Photo: Tassphoto. To evaluate the meaning of this invention, it is enough to say that without transformers it would be impossible to transfer electricity over long distances and there, in the distance, again turn it into light, into heat or mechanical work.
Yablochkov’s inventions laid the foundation for the development of electrical lighting and brought electrical engineering to a new level. The famous American engineer and entrepreneur George Westingows believed that "the successes of Yablochkov’s electric lighting in Paris served as the starting point of turning electrical engineering into a new industry." And the first bulb with a coal rod in a glass flask was invented by Alexander Nikolayevich Lodygin in the year.
In - the inventor repeatedly demonstrated his lamps first at the technological institute, and then made temporary lighting in St. Petersburg on Vasilyevsky Island and in the Galernaya Harbor. In the year, the Russian Academy of Sciences awarded Lodgin Lomonosov Prize for the creation of an electric incandescent lamp. The list of inventions of Lodygin is very large. It includes electrical induction stoves and resistance furnaces, welding machines, batteries, electric devices, extraction from ores of aluminum and other metals, an electric vehicle, a spacesuit and much, much more.
In the year, engineer Fedor Apollonovich Pirotsky first moved along the rails of this bunk electric motor car. He presented the results of his work in the year at the International Electric Exhibition in Paris, where he exhibited the diagram of the electric railway. In the year, in Brighton, England, according to Pirotsky’s scheme, built an electric railway with power from one of the rails with a length of seven miles.
Physicist, television inventor, author of the first experiments on television Boris Lvovich Rosing Photo: Visualrian. He has constructed the type of AC engine that is quite satisfying with the requirements of practice with a rotating field, and since then a three -phase alternating current is widely used for motor traction in factories and plants around the world. It can be said without exaggeration that with the advent of an asynchronous engine of a multi -phase current, the task of electrical distribution of force on a large scale was completely solved.
Dobrovolsky was one of the first to conclude that when transferring energy by several hundred kilometers with voltage from from above, it is advisable to generate and distribution of energy with alternating current, and the transmission-a constant current of high voltage. The direct current line at the beginning and at the end should be connected to the transformative substations at which mercury rectifiers are installed.
The dispute about who invented the radio, Alexander Popov or Gulelmo Marconi is already more than a hundred years, as well as whether they had come to the same thought independently of each other. In the year, Marconi received a British patent of "improving in the transmission of electrical impulses and signals in the transmitting apparatus." In the same year, he established with the support of the British postal department a wireless telegraph company, which achieved outstanding successes in the production and sale of radio telegraph equipment around the world.
Rosing collected a reception television device that did not need a mechanical deployment of the image: it was replaced by the raster movement of the cathode beam in general terms, as many specialists believe, Marconi's receiver reproduced the “telephone receiver of the dispatch” of Popov, and the transmitter - the “vibrator of Hertz”, advanced by the Frenchman Edward Bralley, “Radio -Wolf Summary” "Koogerer." In the year, Popov adds to the scheme of the “head phones” in the vernacular - “headphones”.
In turn, Marconi in the year patent “synthon tuning” the possibility of transmitting and receiving a radio signal by one radio station, but in different frequency ranges. Whether Popov and Marconi have ever met personally and how they reacted to each other, it is not known for certain, although there are several more or less believable versions on this subject in the historiography of the history of electronics.
In the year, Marconi, together with Karl Brown, received the Nobel Prize in physics "as a sign of merit in the development of unprofitable telegraphy." Popov could receive the same bonus, but three years earlier he died from hemorrhage in the brain at the age of 46.In the year, Professor of St. Petersburg University Boris Lvovich Rosing improved Brown’s cathode tube invented ten years earlier, making it a device that could reproduce a moving image.
Based on the new tube, Rosing collected a reception television device that did not need a mechanical image scan: it was replaced by the raster movement of the cathode beam. Model of the reception of an electronic television tube created by Boris Rousing Photo: Visualrian. Rosing demonstrated his results in the development of an electronic television system in the year by the famous St.
Petersburg physicists Mitkevich, Lebedinsky and Pokrovsky. In the setting of experiments, Rosming was helped by the student of the St. Petersburg Technological Institute Vladimir Kozmich Zvorykin, the future “father of American television”, the author of fundamental inventions in the field of electronics. The successes achieved by the Russian Electrotechnical School and the Engineering Education System were perceived by Soviet science and higher school.
Already the first Soviet plan for electrification, known as the Goalro plan, was prepared by specialists of pre -revolutionary hardening. As the former professor of the Institute of Railways and other technical universities noted with satisfaction, and then the emigrant Stepan Prokofievich Tymoshenko, who came to the USSR at the end of X, “my impression is that, in principle, Russia almost completely returned to the educational system that existed before the communist revolution.
The traditions of the old school turned out to be very strong, and with the help of the remnants of old teaching staff it was possible to put in order an engineering education destroyed during the revolution. ” The article was prepared on the basis of the manuscript of the book “Prerequisites and the main stages in the development of the Unified Electric Power System of the USSR UES”, which was provided by our journal by the famous historian of Russian industry Nikolai Simonov, allowing it to use it for publications.