Tussen about biography

Born in the family of a slave, worked on plantations, and then was sold to the Frenchman who taught him literacy. In the year, the western part of the island of Haiti against French colonial oppression took an active part in the uprising of the Negro-slaves of San Domingo. At the beginning of the year, during the war of France with Spain and England, he performed on the side of the Spaniards, who promised to cancel slavery in the colony.

But after the decree on the abolition of slavery on February, on the side of the latter, took the latter by the Jacobin Convention of the Republican France. Tussen-Lovetur conducted a number of successful combat operations against the Spaniards, as a result of which Spain refused in favor of France from its part of the island of Tussen-Lovetur received the title of general and in August became the commander in chief of the armed forces in San Domingo.

In the year, his army expelled from San Domingo the English troops, which have occupied a number of areas of the western part of the island of Haiti since the year. In January of the year, Tussen-Lovetur proclaimed the abolition of slavery throughout the island. In July of that year, he was declared a lifelong ruler of the island, who actually acquired independence.

At the beginning of the year, the army of Tussen-Luvertura exerted strong resistance to the troops of the French Expeditionary Corps under the command of General Leclerc, who tried to subjugate the island of the metropolis and restore slavery to Haiti. After false assurances by Leklerka, Tussen-Luvertur agreed to the cessation of hostilities.

In June, he was treacherously arrested and sent to France, where he died in the Zhu fortress. Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. Tom Tussen Livertur was born on May 20 of the year at the Breda plantation. The son of a slave and the slave himself, he from childhood knew cruelty and injustice. In his youth, he worked as a groom and liked the manager, he took him to him a coachman, taught the French language, and instilled a love of books.

When the uprising of the year broke out, Tussen Luvertyur immediately joined the rebels, soon discovered a remarkable military talent and led a major unit of the rebels. Its popularity grew. Tussen's motto "win or die! There are several versions explaining the appearance of this nickname: perhaps he was invented by Tussen himself, who declared that he would open the Negram to Freedom; According to another version, the nickname was given to him for the ability to “open” a gap in the ranks of the enemy; Or maybe Tussen’s luretor was nicknamed because he had no front teeth, gathered a hole in Leger announced that the Government of France recognizes only two classes on the island: free white and mulattos and slaves of blacks.

He said that the new Constitution of France does not apply to the inhabitants of the colony; This caused the discontent of the whites. Another message to Leger is about the decree of the Constituent Assembly of September 24, which canceled the decree of May 15 of the same year, which allowed free “color” to participate in the representative bodies, caused outrage of free blacks and mulattos.

The commissars attempt to agree with the rebellious slaves led to a complete break with white slave owners. The activities of the commission of the Leger were soon blocked by the colonial assembly of planters in Kapi, and the commission had to return to France. The rebellious blacks sent their representatives for negotiations with the colonial meeting, but the white planters did not want to conduct any negotiations, and military operations resumed in January of the year.

To understand the situation and once again “restore order” in Haiti, in September of the year, new commissars with broad powers came from Paris. These were the Jacobins Santonax and Polver and Girondist Elo. The commissars were supposed to enact the new decree of the France Legislative Assembly, which granted equal political rights with white colonists free non -ogram and mulatto the colony.

At the same time, the commissars had an even more difficult task-to suppress the uprising of black workers. But there were disagreements between the commissars themselves, and the Girondist Elo left the island. The Commissars Santonax and Polver organized the Jacobin club and attracted “little white”, free mulattos and blacks to their side, but in the struggle [22], the commissioners still had no success with the rebels.

At the beginning of the year, when France entered the war with England and Spain, the Spaniards began to persuade the rebellious slaves, whose main forces were at the Spanish border of the island, to go to their side, promising them the liberation from slavery. Upon learning of the execution of the French king of May, the leaders of the army of the rebellious slaves agreed to the proposal of the Spaniards, but they postponed the deadline for the execution of their promise until the end of the Spanish-French war, but for now they made the leaders of the uprising of Jean Francois and Biassu to the generals; Tussen Livertur received the rank of colonel.

Meanwhile, the relations between the French commissars and the new governor General San Domingo Galbo aggravated. Galbo went over to the side of the opponents of the commissars. To strengthen their positions, the commissars made concessions to the rebels, some of the rebels supported the commissioners. The combined forces of the army of commissars and groups of the rebels broke into the cap.To fix their position, the commissars proclaimed all the black workers who became warriors, free and equal citizens.

In July, taking advantage of the rash in San Domingo, the Spanish army went on the offensive. The position of the commissars became critical, especially after part of the officers and soldiers who supported them went over to the side of the Spaniards. The far -sighted Tussen Livertur realized that in this difficult situation, slaves can achieve freedom only on their own, and, formally obeying the Spaniards, began to unite slaves into a regular army for a decisive battle.

Exactingness and justice are the main principles on which Tussen built his army; She grew quickly, turning into impressive power. The frightened commissars announced the complete and immediate liberation of all the slaves, but they were late: the blacks-rabs left the plantation and went not to the commissars, but to the rebels, mainly to Tussen. White plantators refused to recognize the Republican government of France and conspired with England.

With the governor of the Yamaika belonging to England, [23] they entered into an agreement by which San Domingo passed to England. The commissars were recalled to France, and most of the whites left the island. The English troops occupied Port-O-Prens and a number of other points on the coast. The Spaniards occupied the northern regions of the country. In February, the Jacobin Convention of France canceled slavery.

This was the result of the mass uprising of slaves who achieved freedom. Tussen realized that it was necessary to tear a temporary union with the Spaniards, and in the spring of the year he began negotiations with representatives of the French General Lavo. Without wasting time, in May he successfully attacked the Spanish army and completely cleared San Domingo from the Spaniards.

Moreover, some of the Spaniards went over to the side of Tussen. Spain was defeated both in Europe and on July 22, the Basel Peace Treaty was signed, according to which Spain lost its part-Santo Domingo. In San Domingo, the French generals Wilat and Rigo, uniting dissatisfied mulattos, tried to eliminate Tussen, but acting quickly and decisively, defeated the conspirators and became the actual ruler of the North San Domingo.

At that time, the Jacobin dictatorship in France fell, and in October of the year a counter -revolutionary directory came to power. However, the influence of Tussen was so significant that the directory took a careful and awaiting position and even took Tussen into divisional generals. But nevertheless, in order to limit his power, the directory sent a commission to San Domingo as part of Santonax, Ruma, Giro, Leblanka and Mulatta Raymon, soldiers and a significant amount of ammunition.

Giro returned to France; [24] Leblank soon died. In the middle of the year, Santonax returned to his homeland. He found himself among the seven delegates, whom, according to the French Constitution of the year, San Domingo sent five hundred to the Council and the Council of Elders of France. In August, Tussen was appointed Commander-in-Chief of all the Armed Forces of San Domingo.

At the beginning of next year, he began to purify the island from the English invaders, and by October this operation was successfully completed. In the French part of San Domingo, the transfer of France of the former Spanish Santo Domingo has not yet taken place, not a single slave and not a single slaveholder have left. Meanwhile, the directory canceled the decrees of the Jacobins one by one.

In May, he was endowed with broad powers and had the task of undermining the influence and power of Tussen, cutting his rights and, finally, to achieve his displacement, mainly inciting discord in the army between blacks and mulattos. Embroorinated Geduville, and behind him all French officers emphasized Tussen, mocked him and his retinue. Geduville introduced forced contracting of plantations for a period of three years.

This caused the indignation of former slaves who realized that we were talking about a new enslavement. An open clash occurred when Geduville ordered to disarm the fifth colonial regiment, completely equipped with blacks. Tussen, who was at that time in Gonaiv, immediately moved north and forced Geduville and the thousandth army of white officials to leave San Domingo. Dissatisfied with the abolition of slavery, the mulatto, led by Mulator General Rigo, strengthened the secret and obvious struggle against Tussen, trying to discredit him, unleash the civil war: in order to prevent Rigo’s strengthening and disrupting his attempts to establish relations with the United States and England, Tussen hedged the enemy and he himself concluded an alliance with these countries.

The enemies accused him of treason, but the facts show that under the current conditions it was a wise step of an outstanding statesman. The furious Rigo declared war on Tussen, but Tussen’s army quickly defeated the enemy. There was a threat from the former Spanish Santo Domingo, which the Spaniards still did not leave and where the blacks were still in slavery. And Tussen moved there a ten thousandth army.

San Domingo and Santo Domingo were reunited, and in the former Spanish Santo Domingo, slavery was also canceled.In July of the same year, the colonial assembly adopted the Republican Constitution of the island, which consolidated the abolition of slavery and proclaimed the equality of all citizens. San Domingo became a colony and part of the French Empire, but with its laws.

At the same time, many French establishments, especially in the field of religion, racial relations, morality, marriage, family, etc. have been preserved. The constitution secured the main principle of bourgeois society - the inviolability of private property. Tussen Livertur was appointed lifelong ruler General Governor of the island with the right to choose the successor.

This constitution marked the transition from a slave -owning method of production to feudal. The development of agriculture was ensured, among other things, by the fact that under the Constitution it was forbidden to change the place of residence: the inhabitants of the island were attached to the land. The sale of state lands was also prohibited by plots that did not reach 50 acres; The new owners have the obligation to ensure profitable land use.

Thus, the planting economy system was gradually introduced. The heads of plantation farms were appointed, as a rule, officers, their old owners remained on many plantations. Tussen personally delved into economic affairs, introduced the exemplary order everywhere, which in a large extent contributed to the heyday of the economy, and the heyday of the economy, in turn, stimulated foreign trade.

Urban construction has unfolded. When the officers who led plantations were likened the hated planters of the old type, Tussen called them to order or shifted them. Tussen created the wartime state, based on the power of the army, which became the best army [26] of the Western Hemisphere. The restoration of sugarcane plantations and coffee ensured the development of the Haiti economy.

In public life, democratic principles were clearly expressed, a racial problem lost his sharpness, and art developed violently. Tussen's residence was open to everyone. Haitean tragedy.